{
 "schema_version": 1,
 "metric_id": "G4",
 "name": "Building permits issued (dwellings)",
 "domain": "G",
 "tier": "v1",
 "grade": "A",
 "frequency": "A",
 "harmonized_international": true,
 "caveats": "Intent, not completion: 20-30% of permitted dwellings are cancelled or delayed in downturns — read next to completions (G3). Values are thousands of dwellings. Recent years provisional. CBS's own tables publish either municipal-only dwelling counts or national permit documents — this Eurostat series (CBS-sourced) is the national dwellings-permitted flow.",
 "methodology_notes": "Verified 9 Jul 2026: sts_cobp_a, indic_bt BPRM_DW, cpa2_1 CPA_F41001_X_410014 (residential excl. communities), unit THS, s_adj NSA. NL 2005+ (2012: 39.4k -> 2013 trough: 27.2k -> 2024: 69.5k, matches CBS). 83671NED is municipal-only; 83667NED counts permit documents; 86098NED's permit topic is a pipeline stock — all documented dead ends.",
 "owner_review_required": false,
 "sources": [
  {
   "org": "Eurostat",
   "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
   "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (Eurostat)"
  }
 ],
 "breaks": [],
 "primary": {
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  "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
  "source_org": "Eurostat",
  "geography": "NL",
  "unit_code": "THS",
  "unit_label": "Thousand",
  "dimensions": {
   "indic_bt": "BPRM_DW",
   "cpa2_1": "CPA_F41001_X_410014",
   "s_adj": "NSA"
  },
  "frequency": "A",
  "points": [
   {
    "period": "2005",
    "value": 87.0
   },
   {
    "period": "2006",
    "value": 100.8
   },
   {
    "period": "2007",
    "value": 91.9
   },
   {
    "period": "2008",
    "value": 91.1
   },
   {
    "period": "2009",
    "value": 75.9
   },
   {
    "period": "2010",
    "value": 63.8
   },
   {
    "period": "2011",
    "value": 58.3
   },
   {
    "period": "2012",
    "value": 39.4
   },
   {
    "period": "2013",
    "value": 27.2
   },
   {
    "period": "2014",
    "value": 41.3
   },
   {
    "period": "2015",
    "value": 55.6
   },
   {
    "period": "2016",
    "value": 53.6
   },
   {
    "period": "2017",
    "value": 69.7
   },
   {
    "period": "2018",
    "value": 70.0
   },
   {
    "period": "2019",
    "value": 58.1
   },
   {
    "period": "2020",
    "value": 67.2,
    "status": "p"
   },
   {
    "period": "2021",
    "value": 75.8,
    "status": "p"
   },
   {
    "period": "2022",
    "value": 64.5,
    "status": "p"
   },
   {
    "period": "2023",
    "value": 55.3,
    "status": "p"
   },
   {
    "period": "2024",
    "value": 69.5,
    "status": "p"
   },
   {
    "period": "2025",
    "value": 60.5,
    "status": "p"
   }
  ]
 },
 "series": [
  {
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   "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
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     "period": "2005",
     "value": 87.0
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    {
     "period": "2006",
     "value": 100.8
    },
    {
     "period": "2007",
     "value": 91.9
    },
    {
     "period": "2008",
     "value": 91.1
    },
    {
     "period": "2009",
     "value": 75.9
    },
    {
     "period": "2010",
     "value": 63.8
    },
    {
     "period": "2011",
     "value": 58.3
    },
    {
     "period": "2012",
     "value": 39.4
    },
    {
     "period": "2013",
     "value": 27.2
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    {
     "period": "2014",
     "value": 41.3
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    {
     "period": "2015",
     "value": 55.6
    },
    {
     "period": "2016",
     "value": 53.6
    },
    {
     "period": "2017",
     "value": 69.7
    },
    {
     "period": "2018",
     "value": 70.0
    },
    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 58.1
    },
    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 67.2,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2021",
     "value": 75.8,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2022",
     "value": 64.5,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2023",
     "value": 55.3,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2024",
     "value": 69.5,
     "status": "p"
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    {
     "period": "2025",
     "value": 60.5,
     "status": "p"
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   "source_org": "Eurostat",
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     "status": "e"
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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     "status": "e"
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    {
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    {
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     "value": 60.5,
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    {
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     "value": 70.8,
     "status": "e"
    },
    {
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     "value": 64.7,
     "status": "e"
    },
    {
     "period": "2021",
     "value": 64.5,
     "status": "e"
    },
    {
     "period": "2022",
     "value": 53.5,
     "status": "e"
    },
    {
     "period": "2023",
     "value": 37.3,
     "status": "e"
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    {
     "period": "2024",
     "value": 34.1,
     "status": "e"
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    {
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     "value": 31.7,
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   ]
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   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|BE|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
   "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
   "source_org": "Eurostat",
   "geography": "BE",
   "unit_code": "THS",
   "unit_label": "Thousand",
   "dimensions": {
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    {
     "period": "2008",
     "value": 52.5
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    {
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    {
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    {
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     "value": 44.1
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    {
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     "value": 46.5
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    {
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     "value": 48.8
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     "value": 54.3
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     "value": 50.7
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    {
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     "value": 49.7
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    {
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     "value": 62.0
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    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 57.3,
     "status": "p"
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    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 56.0,
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
     "period": "2024",
     "value": 43.2,
     "status": "p"
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    {
     "period": "2025",
     "value": 41.5,
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  {
   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|DE|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
   "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
   "source_org": "Eurostat",
   "geography": "DE",
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    {
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     "value": 291.9
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    {
     "period": "2017",
     "value": 285.6
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    {
     "period": "2018",
     "value": 291.3
    },
    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 300.7
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    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 308.1
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    {
     "period": "2021",
     "value": 319.7
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     "period": "2022",
     "value": 297.0
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    {
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     "value": 204.5
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    {
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    {
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   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|DK|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
   "dataset_code": "sts_cobp_a",
   "source_org": "Eurostat",
   "geography": "DK",
   "unit_code": "THS",
   "unit_label": "Thousand",
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    {
     "period": "2008",
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    {
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    {
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    {
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     "value": 37.2
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    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 33.4
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    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 34.1
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    {
     "period": "2021",
     "value": 36.1
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|EU|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
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   "source_org": "Eurostat",
   "geography": "EU",
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    {
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    {
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     "value": 1783.3
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    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 1800.1
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    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 1714.1
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    {
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     "value": 1992.4
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    {
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    {
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    {
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   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|FI|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
     "period": "2010",
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    {
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     "value": 33.6
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    {
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     "value": 30.5
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 38.9
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    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 41.7
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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   "key": "Eurostat|sts_cobp_a|FR|THS|cpa2_1=CPA_F41001_X_410014,indic_bt=BPRM_DW,s_adj=NSA",
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    {
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    {
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    {
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     "value": 488.5
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    {
     "period": "2012",
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    {
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     "value": 397.4
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
     "period": "2023",
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    {
     "period": "2024",
     "value": 277.7
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    {
     "period": "2025",
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    {
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    {
     "period": "2013",
     "value": 32.2,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2014",
     "value": 38.5,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2015",
     "value": 50.7,
     "status": "p"
    },
    {
     "period": "2016",
     "value": 62.8
    },
    {
     "period": "2017",
     "value": 67.9
    },
    {
     "period": "2018",
     "value": 57.5
    },
    {
     "period": "2019",
     "value": 51.3
    },
    {
     "period": "2020",
     "value": 62.4
    },
    {
     "period": "2021",
     "value": 78.1
    },
    {
     "period": "2022",
     "value": 61.0
    },
    {
     "period": "2023",
     "value": 27.9
    },
    {
     "period": "2024",
     "value": 28.5
    },
    {
     "period": "2025",
     "value": 30.9
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "derived": [],
 "trend": {
  "direction": "flat",
  "method": "OLS over last 8 annual observations, 5% significance (MBW convention)",
  "window_start": "2018",
  "window_end": "2025",
  "slope_per_year": -0.672619
 },
 "deltas": {
  "y1": -9.0,
  "y5": -6.7,
  "y10": 4.9,
  "latest_period": "2025",
  "latest_value": 60.5
 },
 "revisions": [
  {
   "period": "2025",
   "history": [
    {
     "value": 60.6,
     "retrieved": "2026-07-09"
    },
    {
     "value": 60.5,
     "retrieved": "2026-07-16"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "revisions_since": "2026-07-09",
 "generated_at": "2026-09-04T08:06:56+00:00"
}