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 "caveats": "An input, not an outcome — spend more says nothing about learning (J1 does). DIRECT expenditure on educational institutions, primary-to-tertiary, per full-time-equivalent student, PPP-converted USD; excludes transfers to households. Education at a Glance lags roughly two years.",
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 "trend": {
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  "method": "OLS over last 8 annual observations, 5% significance (MBW convention)"
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}